Cleaning Explained

Stain removal, smells and cleaning, with the reason each method works

Find your stain, surface or smell

Printable stain removal chart

The first few minutes decide most stains. This chart gives you the water temperature, the first move, the cleaner that does the work and the mistake that sets the stain, for 48 common stains grouped by type. Print it with your browser's print command; it fits on two letter-size pages.

Before anything: Blot, don't rub; scrape solids; work from the back of the fabric. Test every remover on a hidden spot first. Cold water first when the stain is unknown or protein-based. No dryer or iron until the stain is gone. Never mix removers; rinse between products; never combine chlorine bleach with ammonia, acids (vinegar, lemon) or alcohol. Check the care label; 'dry clean only' items go to a dry cleaner.

Protein stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
BloodcoldRinse/soak in cold water from the backEnzyme presoak; 3% hydrogen peroxide for tracesHot water or dryer before it's gone
Sweathottest safe for fabricPretreat with prewash remover or bar soap; color change: ammonia on fresh, vinegar on oldEnzyme detergent or oxygen bleachIron/dry over stains; ammonia + chlorine bleach
Cat urinecoolBlot thoroughly, rinse with cool water, extractEnzymatic pet cleanerSteam cleaner/heat; ammonia-based cleaners
UrinecoolRinse with cool water; soak in cool water with heavy-duty liquid detergentEnzyme product; bleach safe for fabricHot water first; ammonia/vinegar + chlorine bleach
Dog urinecoolBlot thoroughly, rinse with cool water, extractEnzymatic pet cleanerSteam/heat; ammonia-based cleaners
Poop (feces)cold firstScrape off; rinse/soak in cold waterEnzyme presoak or oxygen bleach; detergent paste; chlorine if safeHot water first
VomitcoldScrape, soak in cold waterEnzyme product; bleach safe for fabricHot water first
SemencoldRinse/soak in cold waterEnzyme product; bleach safe for fabricHot water first
Milkcold first, then warmRinse/soak in cold waterEnzyme product; prewash removerHot water first

Tannin stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Red winecool, then hottest safe with bleachBlot; sponge or soak in cool water ~30 minutes (fresh: salt can absorb first)Prewash remover; bleach safe for fabric (chlorine if allowed)Bar soap; dryer
Coffeecool, then wash with bleach safe for fabricSponge or soak in cool waterPrewash remover or liquid detergent; enzyme for old stainsBar soap; dryer
Berries and juicecool rinse, then hot detergent washRinse promptly with cool waterOxygen bleach soak; detergent + vinegar soak; alcoholSoap
Teacool, then wash with bleach safe for fabricSponge or soak in cool waterPrewash remover or liquid detergent; enzyme for oldBar soap; dryer

Oil and grease stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Grease and oilhottest safe for fabricAbsorb excess (talc/cornstarch), then pretreat with liquid detergent, dish soap or solvent prewashHeavy-duty liquid detergent / dish soap; cleaning fluid for heavy stainsDryer before the oil ring is gone; cold wash alone
Petroleum jellyhottest safeAbsorb/scrape excess; pretreat with prewash spot removerHeavy-duty liquid detergent; cleaning fluidDryer before gone
Sunscreenhottest safePretreat with prewash remover or heavy-duty liquid detergentHeavy-duty liquid detergent; cleaning fluidDryer before gone

Dye stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Permanent markern/aBlot with rubbing alcohol from back onto paper towelsRubbing alcohol; acetone (not on acetate)Launder first; wet rubbing
Hair dyewarm soaks per UGARinse immediately; pretreat with liquid detergentDetergent-ammonia soak then vinegar soak then alcohol (UGA red dye); bleach safe for fabricChlorine bleach on colors/wool/silk/spandex
Dry erase markern/a for alcohol step; hot wash afterBlot with rubbing alcohol on paper towelsRubbing alcohol; oxygen bleach in washDryer before gone; wet rubbing
Markerwashable: wash; permanent: solvent firstWashable felt-tip: detergent wash; permanent: rubbing alcohol from backLiquid detergent; rubbing alcoholLaunder permanent ink before treating
Mustardcold flush, then hottest safeScrape excess; flush with cold water; pretreatPrewash remover; bleach (chlorine preferred if safe); 3% peroxideDryer before gone; note alkaline products can turn the turmeric dye red
Soy saucewarm soakSoak in warm water with oxygen (perborate-type) bleach 15–30 minOxygen bleach; prewash removerDryer before gone
Turmericcold flush, then hottest safeScrape; flush with cold water; pretreat (treat like mustard)Prewash remover; bleach safe for fabricExpect alkaline soap/detergent to turn it red-orange, not to remove it

Combination stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Inkn/a for solvent step; then normal washPretreat before washing: blot with rubbing alcohol or cleaning fluid from the back onto paper towelsRubbing alcohol; glycerin for ballpoint; prewash removerLaunder first; acetone on acetate; rubbing
Chocolatecool soak, then hottest safeScrape excess, soak in cool waterPrewash remover/enzyme detergent; bleach safe for fabricHot water first; dryer
Tomato sauce and ketchupcoldRemove excess with spoon; run cold water through from backPrewash remover / heavy-duty liquid detergent; bleach safe for fabricDabbing/rubbing; dryer
Makeupper care label; warm-hot washWater-based: dampen, rub bar soap or liquid detergent; oil-based: cleaning fluid/prewash firstPrewash remover, heavy-duty liquid detergent; solvent for eye makeupDryer before gone
Grassper label; bleach-safe washPretreat or soak with enzyme productEnzyme product; bleach safe for fabric; alcohol for tracesChlorine bleach on non-bleachable fabrics
Lipstickper labelBlot with rubbing alcohol (70–90%) over paper towels, or prewash removerRubbing alcohol; cleaning fluid; heavy-duty detergentDryer before gone

Wax, gum and resin

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Gumn/a until removedHarden with ice, scrape offPrewash solvent spray or cleaning fluidWash or dry with gum attached; pour solvent on carpet
Waxn/a until removed; then hot washLet harden, scrape; press between paper towels with warm ironCleaning fluid/prewash for residue; bleach safe for fabric for dyeHot wash before removing wax
Tree saphottest safe after solventScrape residue; sponge with cleaning fluid face-down on paper towelsCleaning fluid / dry-cleaning solventWash before dissolving the resin
CrayonhotFew spots: scrape, treat like candle wax or rub with bar soap; whole load: hot wash with soap + 1 cup baking sodaPrewash remover; dish liquid; bleach safe for fabricDrying a crayon-stained load
Tarhottest safe after solventScrape; sponge with cleaning fluid face-down on paper towelsCleaning fluid / dry-cleaning solvent; then heavy-duty detergentWashing before dissolving

Dirt and particles

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Play-Doh-style modeling doughcold onlyLet it dry completely, then brush/scrape off and vacuumMild soap and cold water for residueHot water
Mudper labelLet dry, brush off as much as possibleDetergent paste or liquid; enzyme presoak for heavy stainsWorking on it while wet — let it dry and brush off first
Chalkhot wash after alcoholBrush/vacuum dry chalk first; blot with rubbing alcohol on paper towelsRubbing alcohol; detergent + oxygen bleachWetting it before the dry chalk is vacuumed/brushed off
Pollenn/a for dry removalLet dry; lift with adhesive tape or soft brush/vacuum — do not rub with fingersTape/vacuum; then prewash remover and wash; peroxide or alcohol for traces (UGA flowers)Rubbing with hands or a wet cloth

Mineral and rust stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Deodorantnormal/hot washLight: pretreat with liquid detergent; heavy: prewash remover 5–10 minOxygen bleach in wash; vinegar/ammonia for color changeExpect buildup of aluminum/zinc salts may be permanent
Rustn/aApply fabric rust remover (or salt + lemon juice + sun on colorfast items)Rust remover (oxalic acid type); lemon juiceChlorine bleach

Mold, mildew and biological stains

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
Mildew and moldhottest safe for fabricBrush off outdoors, then launderBleach safe for fabric (chlorine if allowed, else oxygen); salt + lemon + sun alternativeBrush indoors; mix bleach with ammonia or acids; store damp

Glue, paint and polymers

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
SlimecoolLift off as much as possible before adding liquid; then white vinegar to break the gelWhite vinegar, then liquid detergentRub wet slime in; dryer before clean; vinegar + chlorine bleach on same spot
PaintLatex: warm-water rinse while wet; oil-based: solvent firstTreat while wet; scrape excess; latex: rinse and rub in detergent; oil: thinner named on can (or mineral spirits/turpentine)Liquid detergent (latex); paint thinner/mineral spirits (oil)Let it dry; machine-dry
Nail polishn/aCheck fiber; blot from back over paper towels with nail polish remover/acetoneAcetone (non-oily remover); amyl acetate for acetateAcetone on acetate, triacetate, modacrylic; rubbing
Gluecold for white/school glueWhite glue: soak in cold water; adhesives: ice, scrape, solventWater/detergent (white glue); cleaning fluid or amyl acetate/acetone for other gluesExpect super glue may not come out
Puttyn/a until removedScrape off; sponge with amyl acetate or non-oily acetone removerAcetone (not on acetate) / cleaning fluid, then prewashAcetone on acetate fibers
Caulkwarm sudsy waterScrape excess; latex/silicone: warm dish-detergent solution; butyl: naphtha/mineral spiritsDish detergent solution; mineral spirits for butylOver-wetting carpet with solvent

Scorch and heat damage

StainWaterFirst stepWhat worksNever
ScorchhotLight: 3% peroxide kept moist several minutes; launder with bleach safe for fabricHydrogen peroxide; chlorine (if safe) or oxygen bleachExpect severe scorch cannot be removed

Sources

  1. Stain Removal for Washable Fabrics (HE 2-840 / FCS2-840), University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service
  2. Removing Clothing Stains, Guide C-502 (rev. 2019), New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service
  3. Spot Solver, The Carpet and Rug Institute
  4. A General Guide to Stain Removal, Extension Bulletin E-1453 (adapted from Purdue; based on USDA Home and Garden Bulletin 62), Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service
  5. Stain Removal Guide, American Cleaning Institute
  6. Quick Stain Removal Guide, L-5199, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
  7. Hazard Alert: Mixing Bleach with Other Cleaning Products Can Be Deadly, New Jersey Department of Health
  8. Dangers of Mixing Bleach with Cleaners, Washington State Department of Health
  9. Remove Stains From Blood, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  10. Remove Stains From Paint, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  11. Remove Stains From Grease (Automotive, Cooling, Vaseline), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  12. Remove Stains From Chewing Gum, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  13. Remove Stains From Ink (Ballpoint, Felt Tip, India, Mimeo, Stamp Pad), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  14. Remove Stains From Perspiration, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  15. Remove Stains From Mildew, Mold, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  16. A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  17. Remove Stains From Candle Wax, Paraffin, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  18. Remove Stains From Fingernail Polish, Lacquer, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  19. Litter Box Problems, ASPCA
  20. How to Remove Pet Stains and Odors, Humane World for Animals (formerly The Humane Society of the United States)
  21. Remove Stains From Urine (Human, Animal), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  22. Remove Stains From Chocolate/Cocoa (Candy, Ice Cream, Syrup), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  23. Remove Stains From Ketchup, Tomato, Tomato-based Sauces/Juices, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  24. Remove Stains From Alcoholic Beverages, Beer, Wine, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  25. Remove Stains From Dye (Hair, Food Coloring, Other), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  26. Remove Stains From Coffee, Tea, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  27. Remove Stains From Cosmetics/Makeup/Sunscreen, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  28. Remove Stains From Antiperspirant, Deodorant, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  29. Remove Stains From Grass, Flowers, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  30. Remove Stains From Feces/manure (Human, Animal), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  31. Remove Stains From Iron, Rust, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  32. Remove Stains From Glue (Airplane, Super, Adhesive/Cellulose Tape), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  33. Remove Stains From Mustard, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  34. Secret Messages (turmeric/curcumin as a pH indicator), Paul Brandt, Jan 2025, Chicago Section, American Chemical Society
  35. Mustard (condiment) — yellow mustard colored with turmeric (background), Wikipedia
  36. Remove Stains From Crayon, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  37. Modeling compound product page: 'To clean, allow to dry, then scrape or vacuum' (manufacturer care guide), Hasbro Consumer Care
  38. Remove Stains From Silly Putty, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  39. Care Products, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension (Textiles)
  40. Remove Stains From Sauce (Soy, Worcestershire, Steak), University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  41. Remove Stains From Fruits, Red Vegetables, Jam/Jelly/Preserves, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  42. Remove Stains From Caulking, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  43. Colored Chalk on Washable Fabrics / on Carpet, Crayola LLC
  44. Remove Stains From Oil-Based Foods, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
  45. Removing lily pollen from fabric (flower-care manufacturer guide), Chrysal International
  46. Remove Stains From Scorch, Burns, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension

Test every cleaner on a hidden spot first, and never mix cleaning products. Combinations to avoid.